Lepper, Bradley T. 1999 People of the Mounds: Ohio's Hopewell Culture, revised and reprinted. The Marksville culture was a Hopewellian culture in the Lower Mississippi valley, Yazoo valley, and Tensas valley areas of present-day Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Arkansas. For young readers: Stiverson, Charlotte.A Bird’s Eye View of the Hopewell.Wrinkled Rock Publishing, 2019 Basic introductions: Lepper, Bradley T. 1999 People of the Mounds: Ohio's Hopewell Culture, revised and reprinted.Guidebook on the Hopewell culture prepared for Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, Ft. Washington, Pennsylvania, National Park Service, Eastern National, 1999. Source: Unknown. Indian Mounds of the Middle Ohio Valley: A Guide to Mounds and Earthworks of the Adena, Hopewell, Cole, and Fort Ancient People.
It consists of an earthen ring over 300 feet (100m) in diameter with conical mounds of varying size dispersed around the crest of the ring. [14] The Hopewell produced artwork in a greater variety and with more exotic materials than their predecessors the Adena. But there are more up and down the California coast. All of the largest mounds were built out of packed clay. Although the origins of the Hopewell are still under discussion, the Hopewell culture can also be considered a cultural climax. The origin of this pottery is "somewhat of a problem." At 1,200 feet (370 m) in diameter the site is one of the largest Hopewell circular enclosures in the state of Ohio.

The site was one of the largest earthwork ceremonial centers constructed by the Hopewell and is located at the confluence of the Scioto and Ohio Rivers, in present-day Ohio. Between 900 AD and 1600 AD most mounds in the Lower Southeast were plastered with bands of brightly colored clays. There is much to read on the subject. Around 500 CE, the Hopewell exchange ceased, mound building stopped, and art forms were no longer produced.

https://accessgenealogy.com/native/the-mound-builders.htm.

Learn more about our effort to inscript several Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks sites (in Ross County, Licking County, and Warren County) to the UNESCO World Heritage List. At one time, as many as 12 mounds may have existed. All of these mound builders have one thing in common, they all lived in close proximity to large bodies of WATER. They are thought to have been a regional variant of the Hopewell tradition or a Hopewell-influenced Middle Woodland group who had peacefully mingled with the local Adena peoples. [12] [5], William F. Romain has written a book on the subject of "astronomers, geometers, and magicians" at the earthworks. Specifically, they plot on the ground the orbit of this debris ring very accurately and therefore had to have been built when this ring circled the Earth. This social interaction consisted of people from distant regions traveling to the main Hopewell ceremonial earthworks in the Scioto, Muskingum, and Great and Little Miami river valleys perhaps as pilgrims bringing gifts of rare and precious materials, such as copper from Lake Superior, sea shells from the Gulf of Mexico, mica from the southern Appalachian Mountains, and obsidian from Wyoming. The site contains Hopewell and Middle Mississippian remains. Guidebook on the Hopewell culture prepared for Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, Ft. Washington, Pennsylvania, National Park Service, Eastern National, 1999. As of 2003, maize had only been discovered at one archaeological dig site in Ohio. The earthworks have seen little disturbance since the first white settlement of the region; agriculture has never been practiced on their vicinity, and no significant excavation has ever been conducted at the site. Another set went to the southeast, where it crossed the Ohio River and continued to the Biggs site, a complicated circular enclosure surrounding a conical mound. For young readers: The Kincaid Mounds Historic Site c. 1050–1400 CE, is a Mississippian culture archaeological site]] located at the southern tip of present-day U.S. state of Illinois. Stiverson, Charlotte. Compared to existing ceramics that were thicker and less decorated, this new pottery has been characterized by "superior modeling of the clay with vessels being thinner, better fired and containing finer grit temper." The people are thought to have been influenced by the Hopewell traditions of the Ohio River valley. [37]. With fewer people using trade routes, there was no longer a network linking people to the Hopewell traditions. The Hopewell settlements were linked by extensive and complex trading routes, which doubled as communication networks, bring people together for important ceremonies. Beginning around 1600 BC and continuing though to around 1000 AD, native peoples living in the interior of the eastern United States constructed dome shaped mounds from either earth or fresh water mussel shells at locations where they congregated seasonally to fish, harvest shellfish or hunt. The Renner Village archeological site in Riverside, Missouri, is one of several sites near the junction of Line Creek and the Missouri River. [7], The Hopewell settlements were linked by extensive and complex trading routes, which doubled as communication networks, bring people together for important ceremonies. [26], At the western edge of the Hopewell interaction sphere is the Kansas City Hopewell. This architectural tradition continued until the 1600s, when most mound construction stopped in the Southeast. The largest concentration of shell ring construction is found on Sapelo Island, GA at the mouth of the Altamaha River. Most Native American tribes did not build mounds. Apparently, the villages were small seasonal settlements and did not contain mounds. [42] Conclusive reasons for the evident dispersal of the people have not yet been determined. Artifacts from the settlement link its major habitation and the construction of the mounds to the Mississippian period, but it was also occupied earlier during the Late Woodland period.

Common sense would tell you, that whatever their purpose , these structures were influenced heavily by flooding. [24], The Goodall focus occupied Michigan and northern Indiana from around 200 BCE to 500 CE. California at one time had upwards of 300,000 inigenous people. Archaeologists believe that it was constructed around 3500 BC as a ceremonial center for a community that migrated seasonally. These people were hunters, fishers, and gatherers of wild plant foods, but they also grew a number of domesticated plants in their gardens, including sunflower, squash, goosefoot, and maygrass. The Octagon covers more than 50 acres, the size of 100 football pitches. These people then converted the materials into products and exported them through local and regional exchange networks. The Highbank Park Works is a complex of earthworks and a potential archaeological site located within Highbanks Metro Park in the central part of the U.S. state of Ohio. The following posts are better at describing what is found within the mounds built, and the mound builders themselves. The Hopewell Indians were part of a huge trading network that stretched across the central United States. Shellmounds consist of 30% or so shell, partly ash and earth. [21], During the Middle Woodland period, the Crab Orchard culture population increased from a dispersed and sparsely settled Early Woodland pattern to one consisting of small and large base camps. Current Research on the Goodall Focus; Volume 2, Number 1, October 1996, Peterson map 5.1 1996-08:91; Maslowski 1973, 1978a, 1980, 1984a: "Cordage Twist and Ethnicity", Local expressions of Hopewellian traditions, Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, "Native American Government-Eastern Woodlands", "The Octagon Earthworks: A Neolithic Lunar Observatory", "Ancestral Art-Information on Hopewell Culture", "Tremper Mound and Earthworks-Ohio History Central", "A Survey of Adena-Hopewell (Scioto) Anthropomorphic Portraiture", "Excavation and Archaeological Investigation at Barstow County's Leake Site-Evidence for Interaction", "Trowbridge (14WY1) is an archaeological site located near Kansas City, Kansas", https://books.google.com/?id=_0u2y_SVnmoC&pg=PA528&lpg=PA528&dq=pharr+mounds#v=onepage&q=pharr%20mounds&f=false, "Encyclopedia of Prehistory Complete set of Volumes 1-8 and Volume 9, the index volume: Published in conjunction with the Human Relations Area Files", "m7/98 Encyclopedia of North American Prehistory M", "Chillicothe Earthworks-Ohio Central History", "Portsmouth Earthworks-Ohio Central History", "The Archaeology of Ontario-The Middle Woodland Period", Ohio Historical Society's Archaeology Page, Ancient Earthworks of Eastern North America, List of archaeological periods (North America), Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, History of Native Americans in the United States, Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands, Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio. Basic introductions: Two ravines and a 100 foot high shale bluff surround the earthworks. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. When they buried honored people in the mounds, the Hopewell included items that tell us about their lives.The Hopewell were part of a huge trading network that stretched across the … Hopewell populations originated in western New York and moved south into Ohio, where they built upon the local Adena mortuary tradition.

Some scholars suggest that these societies were marked by the emergence of "big-men".

The Hopewell obtained mica from western North Carolina.

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