9).
Misalignment puts incredible strain on the spine (see Exercise for a Healthy Back). Our general interest e-newsletter keeps you up to date on a wide variety of health topics. An abnormal curve of the lumbar spine is lordosis, also called sway back.

They then spring back when the weight is removed. It is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and allows for their movements.

Parts of a Typical Vertebra. A vertebra can also be described in terms of the shape of the ends of the centrum. It consists of four parts, the right and left pedicles and the right and left laminae. The five different regions are shown and labelled. A lively and informative new podcast for kids that the whole family will enjoy!

WikiJournal of Medicine [CC BY 3.0], from Wikimedia Commons, [caption id="attachment_15762" align="aligncenter" width="439"], [caption id="attachment_15763" align="aligncenter" width="282"], [caption id="attachment_9411" align="aligncenter" width="569"], [caption id="attachment_10812" align="aligncenter" width="313"], [caption id="attachment_9300" align="aligncenter" width="492"], [caption id="attachment_5134" align="aligncenter" width="458"], [caption id="attachment_6789" align="aligncenter" width="392"], [caption id="attachment_9414" align="aligncenter" width="623"], [caption id="attachment_10813" align="alignright" width="161"], Clinical Relevance: Intervertebral Disc Herniation, Clinical Relevance: Abnormal Morphology of the Spine.

[7], From behind, the vertebral column presents in the median line the spinous processes. Each intervertebral disc consists of two parts. The extensor muscles enable us to stand up and lift objects. It is formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae, a process that does not begin until after the age of 20. This spinal column provides the main support for your body, allowing you to stand upright, bend, and twist, while protecting the spinal cord from injury. Good posture involves training your body to stand, walk, sit, and lie so that the least amount of strain is placed on the spine during movement or weight-bearing activities (see Posture). The joints between the articular facets, called facet joints, allow for some gliding motions between the vertebrae.
Sometimes the spinal meninges and also the spinal cord can protrude through this, and this is called Spina bifida cystica. The spinal nerves provide sympathetic nervous supply to the body, with nerves emerging forming the sympathetic trunk and the splanchnic nerves. Seven processes arise from the vertebral arch: the spinous process, two transverse processes, two superior facets, and two inferior facets. In addition to the general characteristics of a typical vertebra described above, vertebrae also display characteristic size and structural features that vary between the different vertebral column regions. Disruption of the somitogenesis process in humans results in diseases such as congenital scoliosis. These regions are called the cervical spine, thoracic spine, lumbar spine, sacrum, and coccyx.

The ventral (front) root carries motor impulses from the brain and the dorsal (back) root carries sensory impulses to the brain. The first and second cervical vertebrae are further modified, giving each a distinctive appearance. The inner membrane is the pia mater, which is intimately attached to the cord. The vertebral foramen provides for passage of the spinal cord. However, the sacral and coccygeal fusions do not start until age 20 and are not completed until middle age.

Its concavity is due to the increased pressure exerting on the vertebrae due to a mass. In combination with the vertebral body, the vertebral arch forms an enclosed hole - the vertebral foramen. Adjacent to each vertebra emerge spinal nerves. On the lateral walls of the sacrum are facets for articulation with the pelvis at the sacroiliac joints. Lateral to this is the roughened auricular surface, which joins with the ilium portion of the hipbone to form the immobile sacroiliac joints of the pelvis. Lumbar (low back) - the main function of the lumbar spine is to bear the weight of the body. Figure 9. Original Author(s): Oliver Jones Last updated: September 23, 2020 This type of configuration is seen in turtles that retract their necks, and birds, because it permits extensive lateral and vertical flexion motion without stretching the nerve cord too extensively or wringing it about its long axis.

The column can be divided into five different regions, with each region characterised by a different vertebral structure.

(b) An excessive curvature of the upper thoracic vertebral column is called kyphosis. In the thoracic region, the transverse processes stand backward, on a plane considerably behind that of the same processes in the cervical and lumbar regions. It supports the skull and prevents it from falling forward. An abnormal curve from side-to-side is called scoliosis. The vertebral column is curved, with two primary curvatures (thoracic and sacrococcygeal curves) and two secondary curvatures (cervical and lumbar curves). Disorders associated with the curvature of the spine include kyphosis (an excessive posterior curvature of the thoracic region), lordosis (an excessive anterior curvature of the lumbar region), and scoliosis (an abnormal, lateral curvature, accompanied by twisting of the vertebral column). Sacrum - the main function of the sacrum is to connect the spine to the hip bones (iliac).

The lumbar vertebrae consist of five individual cylindrical bones that form the spine in the lower back.

Arising from the vertebral arch are the transverse, spinous, superior articular, and inferior articular processes. Soon after their formation, sclerotomes, which give rise to some of the bone of the skull, the vertebrae and ribs, migrate, leaving the remainder of the somite now termed a dermamyotome behind. Their size and orientation permits needle access to the spinal canal and spinal cord (which would not be possible between thoracic vertebrae). Spinal Column’s Scaffold of Bone.

Bony disks (epiphyses) formed on the generally flat ends of the centra are characteristic of mammals. The mobile vertebrae articulate with each other via joints between their bodies and articular facets: The vertebral body joints are cartilaginous joints, designed for weight-bearing. Intervertebral discs are also flexible and can change shape to allow for movements of the vertebral column.

Common types are transverse process, diapophyses, parapophyses, and zygapophyses (both the cranial zygapophyses and the caudal zygapophyses). In adults, the lumbar curve is generally deeper in females. The atlas (C1 vertebra) does not have a body or spinous process. When viewed from the side, an adult spine has a natural S-shaped curve. The four adult curvatures are classified as either primary or secondary curvatures.

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx (Fig. [9][better source needed] The supraspinous ligament extends the length of the spine running along the back of the spinous processes, from the sacrum to the seventh cervical vertebra. Lateral to the spinous processes are the articular processes, and still more laterally the transverse processes. Another, though rare, congenital disease is Klippel–Feil syndrome, which is the fusion of any two of the cervical vertebrae. There are five lumbar vertebrae in most humans, which are the largest in the vertebral column. Their number varies between species: there are 42 to 44 somites in the human embryo and around 52 in the chick embryo. Two ligaments strengthen the vertebral body joints: the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments, which run the full length of the vertebral column. Most people have 5 lumbar levels (L1-L5), although it is not unusual to have 6. The superior and inferior aspects of the vertebral body are lined with hyaline cartilage.

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