Emile Roger of France, already producing Benz engines under license, now added the Benz car to his line of products. In March 1863 the magazine Scientific American described tests of a vehicle that weighed only 650 pounds (about 300 kg) and achieved a speed of 20 miles (30 km) per hour. Karl Benz proposed co-operation between DMG and Benz & Cie. when economic conditions began to deteriorate in Germany following the First World War, but the directors of DMG refused to consider it initially. It was Alfred P. Sloan who established the idea of different makes of cars produced by one company, called the General Motors Companion Make Program, so that buyers could "move up" as their fortunes improved. Removal of fossil fuel subsidies,[42][43] concerns about oil dependence, tightening environmental laws and restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions are propelling work on alternative power systems for cars.

The first design for an American car with a gasoline internal combustion engine was made in 1877 by George Selden of Rochester, New York. Watt was opposed to the use of steam engines for such purposes; his low-pressure steam engine would have been too bulky for road use in any case, and all the British efforts in steam derived from the earlier researches of Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen. [9][22][23] It is not known with certainty if Verbiest's model was successfully built or run.[23]. In 1892, German engineer Rudolf Diesel was granted a patent for a "New Rational Combustion Engine". Another American, Frank Curtis of Newburyport, Massachusetts, is remembered for building a personal steam carriage to the order of a Boston man who failed to meet the payment schedule, whereupon Curtis made the first recorded repossession of a motor vehicle. His company’s Marconi radios ended the isolation of ocean travel and ...read more, Wilbur and Orville Wright were American inventors and pioneers of aviation. Morris set up its production line at Cowley in 1924, and soon outsold Ford, while beginning in 1923 to follow Ford's practice of vertical integration, buying Hotchkiss (engines), Wrigley (gearboxes), and Osberton (radiators), for instance, as well as competitors, such as Wolseley: in 1925, Morris had 41% of total British car production. Heavier cars include full-size cars, SUVs and extended-length SUVs like the Suburban. He was awarded the patent for its invention as of his application on 29 January 1886 (under the auspices of his major company, Benz & Cie., which was founded in 1883). No other historical force has so revolutionized the way Americans work, live, and play.

New forces—the electronic media, the laser, the computer, and the robot probably foremost among them—are charting the future. Most historians agree that Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot of France was the constructor of the first true automobile. Most cars are designed to carry multiple occupants, often with four or five seats. Manufacturing quality and programs of employee motivation and involvement were given high priority. Electric cars, which were invented early in the history of the car, became commercially available in the 2000s and are predicted to cost less to buy than gasoline cars before 2025. For years, scientists and ...read more, Developed in the 1830s and 1840s by Samuel Morse (1791-1872) and other inventors, the telegraph revolutionized long-distance communication. Light steam cars were being built in the United States, France, Germany, and Denmark during the same period, and it is possible to argue that the line from Cugnot’s lumbering vehicle runs unbroken to the 20th-century steam automobiles made as late as 1926. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Growth in the popularity of vehicles and commuting has led to traffic congestion. Karl Benz remained a member of the board of directors of Daimler-Benz until his death in 1929, and at times, his two sons also participated in the management of the company. Unlike many other major inventions, the original idea of the automobile cannot be attributed to a single individual. People's ability to move flexibly from place to place has far-reaching implications for the nature of societies. [citation needed], The first working steam-powered vehicle was designed—and quite possibly built—by Ferdinand Verbiest, a Flemish member of a Jesuit mission in China around 1672. Colt founded a company to manufacture his revolving-cylinder pistol; however, sales were slow and the ...read more, Today, video games make up a $100 billion global industry, and nearly two-thirds of American homes have household members who play video games regularly. Since the 1920s, nearly all cars have been mass-produced to meet market needs, so marketing plans often have heavily influenced car design. This in turn required the standardization of products and resulted in the volume production of such commodities as firearms, sewing machines, bicycles, and many other items. After a delay of sixteen years and a series of attachments to his application, on 5 November 1895, Selden was granted a United States patent (U.S. Patent 549,160 ) for a two-stroke car engine, which hindered, more than encouraged, development of cars in the United States. Ford's complex safety procedures—especially assigning each worker to a specific location instead of allowing them to roam about—dramatically reduced the rate of injury. [47] The weight of a car influences fuel consumption and performance, with more weight resulting in increased fuel consumption and decreased performance. Societal benefits may include: economy benefits, such as job and wealth creation, of car production and maintenance, transportation provision, society wellbeing derived from leisure and travel opportunities, and revenue generation from the tax opportunities. It is estimated that in the year 2000 there were still some 600 steam cars in the United States, most of them in running order. [11], The English word car is believed to originate from Latin carrus/carrum "wheeled vehicle" or (via Old North French) Middle English carre "two-wheeled cart," both of which in turn derive from Gaulish karros "chariot. The technologies of these ancillary industries, particularly steel and petroleum, were revolutionized by its demands. Cars that had been nursed through the Depression long after they were ready to be junked were patched up further, ensuring great pent-up demand for new cars at the war’s end. Functional aerodynamic design replaced styling in Detroit studios, as the annual cosmetic change was abandoned. [citation needed] Cars for racing or speed records have sometimes employed jet or rocket engines, but these are impractical for common use. Though ...read more, The Model T, sold by the Ford Motor Company from 1908 to 1927, was the earliest effort to make a car that most people could actually buy.

This was a production of a small number of vehicles for Jellinek to race and market in his country. [82] Research into alternative forms of power includes using ammonia instead of hydrogen in fuel cells. [7] The costs to society include maintaining roads, land use, road congestion, air pollution, public health, healthcare, and disposing of the vehicle at the end of its life. The automobile industry had played a critical role in producing military vehicles and war matériel in the First World War. [11] In the opinion of some, urban transport systems based around the car have proved unsustainable, consuming excessive energy, affecting the health of populations, and delivering a declining level of service despite increasing investment. This includes hybrid vehicles, plug-in electric vehicles and hydrogen vehicles. [36] In 1914, an assembly line worker could buy a Model T with four months' pay.[36]. Although various pistonless rotary engine designs have attempted to compete with the conventional piston and crankshaft design, only Mazda's version of the Wankel engine has had more than very limited success. Lists of automobile-related articles cover a wide range of topics related to cars.The lists are organized by manufacturer, region, sport, technology and so on. In 1903 the Wright brothers achieved the first powered, sustained and controlled airplane flight; they surpassed their own milestone two years later when they built and flew the first fully practical ...read more. Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. Development of automotive technology was rapid, due in part to the hundreds of small manufacturers competing to gain the world's attention. Detroit’s Big Three carried Sloanism to its illogical conclusion in the postwar period.

The absence of tariff barriers between the states encouraged sales over a wide geographic area. By 1927 replacement demand for new cars was exceeding demand from first-time owners and multiple-car purchasers combined. In 1807, Nicéphore Niépce and his brother Claude created what was probably the world's first internal combustion engine (which they called a Pyréolophore), but they chose to install it in a boat on the river Saone in France. The goal was to make consumers dissatisfied enough to trade in and presumably up to a more expensive new model long before the useful life of their present cars had ended. Steam propulsion was proposed as early as the 16th century, and in 1678 Ferdinand Verbiest, a Belgian Jesuit missionary to China, made a model steam carriage based on a principle suggestive of the modern turbine.

[55], The costs of car usage, which may include the cost of: acquiring the vehicle, repairs and auto maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance,[7] are weighed against the cost of the alternatives, and the value of the benefits – perceived and real – of vehicle usage. Beginning about 1868, Britain was the scene of a vogue for light steam-powered personal carriages; if the popularity of these vehicles had not been legally hindered, it would certainly have resulted in widespread enthusiasm for motoring in the 1860s rather than in the 1890s. English inventors were active, and by the 1830s the manufacture and use of steam road carriages was flourishing. In the 17th century a Dutch inventor, Christiaan Huygens, produced an engine that worked by air pressure developed by explosion of a powder charge. [25] His inventions were, however, handicapped by problems with water supply and maintaining steam pressure.

Although the automobile was to have its greatest social and economic impact in the United States, it was initially perfected in Germany and France toward the end of the nineteenth century by such men as Gottlieb Daimler, Karl Benz, Nicolaus Otto and Emile Levassor.

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